The earliest form of Language in India was reflected in the texts such as Rig-Veda, Puranas and the Upanishads - the oldest preserved treatises from which the Indian "literary" traditions of verse have sprung. The earliest works were composed to be sung or recited and were orally transmitted for many generations before being written down. The oldest among them is the thousand-odd hymns of the Rig-Vedas dating back to two millennium B.C., composed in what is called the Vedic Sanskrit. The Vedas, which derived from the root vid - "to know", tried capturing knowledge that came from the quest for the unknown."
What is the meaning of Linguistics?
Linguistics is the scientific study of language, and it involves an analysis of different language form, languages meaning and language in context.
India is a 7th largest country in the world, wherein not only the taste of Water changes every 3 km but also languages changes in every 12 km.
According to anthropologists, demographers, historians the population of India comprises of the people who came here from the Mediterranean & African region, Mongolia, Tibet, China, south east and south west Asia.which completely makes it as a multi-ethnic,multi-religious and multilingual country of the world.
SOME INTERESTING LINGUISTIC FACTS OF INDIA:
- According to Grierson's linguistic survey of India(1903-1928), there were 179 languages & 544 dialects.
- Census of 1961: there were 187 languages spoken by different sections of the Indian society. of these 94 were spoken by less than 10,000 people.
- According to Census of 1991: there were 18 scheduled languages.
- According to census of 2011: there are 22 languages listed(8th schedule) as official languages of India and very often I can speak two of the scheduled languages (Hindi + Nepali)
- The Constitution (71A) 1992 amended the 8th schedule and therefore added Nepali, Konkani, Meitei languages
- The Sindhi language was included by 21 Amendment enacted in 1967.
- Bodo, Dogri, Santhaliand Maithili languages were included in the 8th scheduled in 2004 through 92nd amendment =which make 22 scheduled languages in total.
- originally in the Constitution, there were only 14 languages were listed.
- the Government of India has awarded the distinction of classical languages to Tamil, Sanskrit, Kannada, Malayalam, Telugu, and Odai.
- According to census 2001 In India has 122 major languages and 1599 other languages.
- But the Constitution of India does not give any language the status of National Language.
- Art(343) states that the official language of the center of union government shall become Hindi in Devanagari script.
- The status of second official language to the English under Art 343(the official languages Act,1963) is now reduced to the Status of a Subsidiary official language after 15 years.
Linguistically the Indian languages belong to the four linguistic families, which have their sub families and branches or groups.
What is the classification of Modern Indian Languages?
Here is the classification of Modern Indian languages.
FAMILY
|
AUSTRIC
NISHADA(1.25%)
|
DRAVIDIAN
DRAVIDA(24%)
|
SINO-TIBETAN
KIRATA(0.75%)
|
INDO-EUROPEAN
ARYAN(74%)
|
S
U
B
F
A
M
I
L
Y
|
AUSTRO ASIATIC
AUSTRO-NESIAN
|
TIEBETO MYANMARI
SIAMESE CHINESE
|
INDO ARYAN
|
|
B
R
A
N
C
H
E
S
|
MOH-KHMER(:Khasi & Nicobari)
MUNDA:Santhali
|
NORTH DARVIDIAN(N.D)
CENTRAL DARVIDIAN (C.D)
SOUTH DARVIDIAN(S.D)
|
TIEBETO HIMALAYA(T.H)
NORTH ASSAMES(N.A)
ASSAMI MYANMARI
'Burmese' (A.M)
|
IRANIAN
DARDIC
INDO-ARYAN
|
S
P
E
E
C
H
R
E
G
I
O
N
S
|
West Bengal, Odisha
Jharkhand, Assam, Bihar
Madhya Pradesh
Nicobar islands
|
N.D-Bihar, Odisha, W.B, M.P.
C.D-Andhra Pradesh, Maharastra
S.D-Tamil nadu, Karnataka
Kerala
|
T.H-J&K,H.P
N.A-Arunachal Pradesh.
A.M-Assam, Myanmar Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland.
|
Iranian-Outside India
Dardic-J&K
Indo-Aryan: North Indian state, Goa and Assam.
|
L
A
N
G
U
A
G
E
S
|
1-KHASI language is confined to Khasi & Jaintia Hills
2-NICOBARI language is confined to A&N islands
3-MUNDA language is mainly spoken by tribles of Chattisgarh, Jharkhand,
M.P,W.B,
Odhisha
|
Andhra Pradesh –Telgu
Karnataka:Kannada
Kerela-Malyalam
Tamil nadu-Tamil
|
1-T.H : languages comprises Chamba ,Bhutia & Tibetan in J&K Kannauri ,Lepcha in Himanchal Pradesh.
2-N.M : Abor, Aka, Assami, Miri, Mishmi.
3-A.M :languages comprises,Miri,
Assamese,Bodo, Naga.
|
Core area of Indo-Aryan language is known as the Khari Boli(Hindi)
Ex: Nepali,Pahari, Garhwali, Kumaoni,Punjabi,Hindi,Bihari, Bengali, Avadhi, Gujrati, Sindhi, Kashmiri, Chhattisgarhi.
|
SOME INTERESTING LINGUISTIC FACTS OF INDIA :
- In Kerela, 96% population speaks Malayalam.
- In Andhra Pradesh, 85% populations speak Telugu. Telugu is also known as Italian of east.
- Hindi is the official language spoken by 40 % of the total population.
- Marathi spoke by 93% in Maharastra.
- Currently, India publishes about 1000 Hindi news papers with a circulation of 80 million a day English holds the second rank with a circulation of about40 millions copies a day.
- The prominent Hindi news papers are Dainik Jagran, Dainik Bhaskar, Amar Ujala, Navbharat times, Hindustan Dainik etc
- In terms of Readership, Dainik Jagran is the most popular Hindi daily news paper with a Total readership of 54,583,000 according to IRS round one 2009.
this Article is dedicated to the K.V No.1 Salawala - Geography student(head girl ) who asked me to write on this topic here I tried to provide all the information regarding the linguistic classification of the India.Hopefully, it will be helpful for you as well as other geography students .:) THANKYOU :) #SAYONARA
REFERENCES: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_India
BOOK Geography of India: Majid Hussain
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